US GI M1 Garand/Springfield 1903-A3 nickel plated oilier with accessories. 1 oilier, 1 flat brush, 1 steel pull through and 1 bore brush. All 3 fit into the oilier that fit into the butt-stock. Good condition.
Final Assembly
We are finally ready to assemble our M1 Garand rifle! We started with a receiver from ODCMP, a new barrel, and a parts kit including all the other components including a stock. We assembled the barrel into the receiver and reamed the chamber to its proper dimensions. Then we parkerized most of the parts and restored the wood stock. Now it's time to put it all together.
This should be pretty straightforward if you do things in the right order. Garand gurus will see that I wandered down some blind alleys, putting things together too soon and then disassembling and backing up a few steps.
For far more details, see Jerry Kuhnhausen's The US .30 Caliber Gas-Operated Service Rifles, a nicely detailed armorer's manual. Or, for a much simpler version, the Gun-Guides volume.
For example, the rear handguard needs to be installed very early in the overall process.
Only after the rear handguard is installed can you slide the lower band onto the barrel and then drive (ideally, press) the pin into place to hold it there.
Then the forward handguard and its liner and ferrule slides onto the barrel, and only then can the gas cylinder assembly be placed on the muzzle end of the barrel.
Below is the official terminology for the parts:
Below is a half-scale GIF version of an exploded diagram from a manual. Click on the image for the full-sized version.
The above exploded diagram shows it completely broken down. However, the Field Manuals are just going to discuss field-stripping and disassembly into major assemblies. They certainly aren't going to get into disassembling the trigger group and bolt! For good illustrated explanations of how to fully disassemble and reassemble an M1 Garand, see these Civiliam Marksmanship Program pages:
Here we go -- all the parts are laid out approximately in their relative positions.
Sort of a live exploded diagram.
The parts in the rear half are seen here a little more clearly.
Still missing in this picture but added since — the butt swivel, the anchor point for the long screw holding the bottom of the butt plate in place.
The parts for the front half are approximately in their relative positions.
Components of the rear sight appear in their own little exploded diagram.
At left, top to bottom:
Elevating knob and pinion
Rear sight base
Windage knob
Rear sight base
Windage knob
At right, top to bottom:
Rear sight cover
Aperture
Aperture
The rear sight components again, this time as if seen from below.
At left, top to bottom:
Windage knob
Rear sight base
Elevating knob and pinion
Rear sight base
Elevating knob and pinion
At right, top to bottom:
Aperture
Rear sight cover
Rear sight cover
Here you see a sort of pocket where the rear sight installs on the receiver.
The rear sight cover snaps into the slots at the front and rear of this pocket.
A fine star-like pattern of notches stamped into the 'ear' on the left side (the far side, not visible here) form detents for the finely space 'clicks' of the elevating knob.
Four relatively large and smooth bumps on the outer face of the 'ear' on the right side (dimly visible here) form detents for four 'clicks' per revolution of the windage knob.
The rear sight base and cover are about to be installed in place.
The rear sight cover has been snapped into place, holding the sight base more or less in the correct position and orientation.
The windage knob (near side) and elevating knob and pinion (far side) are being slid into place.
The windage knob threads into the right sight base.
The elevating pinion screws into that.
The rear sight is finally assembled and ready to be zeroed!
Turning the windage knob (at right) moves the rear sight base left to right and the aperture rides with it.
Turning the elevation knob engages the elevation pinion, and the aperture moves as a rack in, well, a rack and pinion arrangement.
The front sight attaches to a dovetail on the forward ring of the gas cylinder.
The gas cylinder itself is made of stainless steel because of the temperatures involved.
That was good from a metallurgical point of view, but it causes problems in combat when a rifle includes a highly reflective part.
Some sort of blacking was typically applied, either a coating (even carbon from a candle flame) or a chemical treatment.
The front sight slides onto the dovetail and the allen screw is tightened. That compresses the slit body of the sight onto the dovetail. The second picture shows that the allen screw has been tightened.
A gas port in the bottom of the barrel aligns with a larger hole through the cylinder in the bottom of the front ring.
The gas cylinder plug will be screwed into the finely threaded cylinder. This forces the hot gas to expand to the rear against the short piston forming the front end of the operating rod.
The gas cylinder assembly slides onto the barrel. The non-parkerized region near the muzzle will be within the front ring of the cylinder.
Three splines at 120° spacing on the barrel mate with corresponding ridges in the front ring.
It's a very tight fit!
It was too tight on mine at first. It would take some vigorous smacks with a heavy hammer against a piece of scrap wood to drive the gas cylinder onto and off the barrel.
I wrapped the barrel with masking tape immediately in front of and behind the shiny band seen here. It's of slightly larger diameter than the rest of the barrel.
I then used fine (#200) metal oxide sandpaper to smooth this area to the point that the circumferential mill marks disappeared.
You have to rub along the length of the barrel, hence the masking tape. Attempts to run around the barrel just turn this into an exercise of convering sandpaper to regular paper because of the slots mating with the splines of the gas cylinder.
The result was that the gas cylinder could be installed and removed by hand, but it is not at all loose.
The threads on the barrel will engage the gas cylinder lock.
The gas cylinder lock threads onto the barrel, stopping when its non-threaded ring is aligned with the gas cylinder.
The gas cylinder plug is then inserted through the gas cylinder lock and then threaded into the gas cylinder.
The complete gas cylinder assembly in place!
Of course, as I said above, all this will have to come off. Everything else must be installed on the barrel first. The gas cylinder must be the last thing slid on from the muzzle end.
Duh.
Now it's time to figure out the action....
Left to right below the receiver we see:
The follower.
The bullet guide above the follower arm.
The operating rod catch assembly above the follower arm pin.
The follower arm passes through the bullet guide.
The follower arm pin will pass through the holes at the front of the receiver and through the large holes in both the follower arm and bullet guide.
Well, it's more complicated than that....
The follower arm pin will also pass through the operating rod catch assembly.
The follower arm pin passes through, in order:
Receiver right wall
Catch assembly right arm
Follower arm right hole
Bullet guide
Follower arm left hole
Catch assembly left arm
Receiver left wall
Receiver right wall
Catch assembly right arm
Follower arm right hole
Bullet guide
Follower arm left hole
Catch assembly left arm
Receiver left wall
The action components are in in their relative positions but not in the receiver. The follower arm pin has been passed through their mutually aligned holes.
The two small pins at the rear end of the follower arm slide into a slot in the bottom face of the follower. The square bars at the sides of the follower, one just visible here, slide into vertical slots in the 'legs' of the receiver.
Here are the action components assembled to each other but not assembled into the receiver.
You can see the holes through the receiver for the follower arm pin directly above the pin, and the slots for the follower in the inner faces of the forward 'legs' of the receiver.
![M1 garand disassembly M1 garand disassembly](/uploads/1/2/3/7/123750521/107481145.gif)
Enough experimenting, here are those action components fully assembled.
The barrel and receiver, with the operating rod catch immediately below the chamber end of the barrel.
The operating rod (above) and follower rod (below)
The operating rod in place with the operating rod spring being inserted into it.
The front part of the operating rod is a hollow tube ending in a short piston.
The spring will attempt to simultaneously press the operating rod (and therefore the bolt) forward while pressing the follower rod back (and therefore levering the follower arm up).
Raising the follower arm feeds the next round when the bolt cycles.
Pulling the bolt forward strips that round off the stack and chambers it.
The operating rod, operating rod spring, and follower rod in place.
The operating rod, operating rod spring, and follower rod in place, with the follower itself manually depressed as if a full en bloc clip of ammunition were loaded.
Top view of the action.
Whoops, where's the bolt? That needs to be installed before the operating rod....
OK, remove the operating rod, spring, and follower rod. Put the bolt into the receiver and get ready to put it all back together.
I told you this was out of order in places.
Now I've backed up a few steps to remove the gas cylinder and put parts on the barrel in the correct order.
Here you see the front half of the front handguard and the gas cylinder assembly.
The same thing as seen from the bottom.
The thin sheet metal front handguard liner is visible.
It can be installed two ways but only one of them works — the liner surface itself should be against the barrel so there is room for the operating rod.
I'm getting close, here are some major subassemblies.
Close, but not quite there — the rear handguard isn't installed!
![Value Value](/uploads/1/2/3/7/123750521/554672100.jpg)
Pull the gas cylinder and front handguard off the barrel, push out the pin holding the lower band in place, and pull it off.
Then put everything on in the right order.
The receiver area.
The receiver area and all the stock components.
The rear handguard is still relatively orange, but the matching depends on the light.
It appears that the camera flash makes for a worst-case appearance.
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How Old is this M1 Garand Part?
Who Manufactured It?
If you're doing a Garand 'build', as opposed to a restoration of a complete gun, you will probably get a kit of parts instead of buying everything individually. The collection of parts in the kit probably didn't come from one original rifle. Even if it did, that rifle had probably been through at least one armory refurbishment. The M1 Garand was the standard service rifle from 1936 through 1957. The result is that the parts kit represents a wide range of places and dates of manufacturing. However, it is possible to figure out when and where Garand parts were manufactured, at least within ranges of time.
History of the M1 Garand
This is a brief overview. Click here for a far more detailed history.
John C Garand worked at the US Army's Springfield Armory and designed a series of closely related rifles through the 1920s and early 1930s. These were evaluated in trials to replace the M1903 Springfield bolt-action rifle with a self-loading design.
He designed the T1E2 in 1932.
In August 1933 the T1E2 was designated the Semi-Automatic Rifle, Caliber .30, M1.
In 1936 the M1 Garand replaced the M1903 Springfield as the standard service rifle, the M1903 remaining in use as a sniper weapon.
In 1939 the original gas trap was replaced with a simpler and more reliable gas port system. The patent drawings for the gas trap and gas port are seen at left and right, respectively.
A little over 5,500,000 M1 Garands were manufactured during the years 1936 through 1957 when it was the standard service rifle. A little over 4 million were manufactured before and during World War II, by the federal armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, and by Harrington & Richardson and International Harvester. During the Korean War, the same manufacturers produced roughly another 1.5 million Garands.
Note that the Springfield Armory, now a National Historic Site, operated from 1794 through 1968. However, Springfield Armory, Inc., based in Geneseo, Illinois, simply uses the 'Springfield Armory' name and has no connection with the national armory. When the armory closed in 1968, a small company in Texas used the name for a few years. That business was unsuccessful, and then in 1974, the Illinois company was founded.
The M1 remained the standard service rifle of the U.S. until the M14 was officially adopted in 1957. However, the changeover from M1 to M14 in the active-duty component of the U.S. Army was not completed until 1963, and it was used in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Army National Guard and U.S. Navy at least into the 1970s. Among several other nations using it, it was the standard service rifle in Greece until the late 1970s. And, Haiti's military used the M1 until their national military was disbanded in 1994.
The M1 Garand is still in use in the Philippines in the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and the Civilian Volunteer Organization.
I used The M1 Garand, 1936-1957 by Joe Poyer and Craig Riesch as a reference (4th edition, ISBN 1-882391-19-5, North Cape Publications, Tustin CA, copyrights 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005).
I am skeptical of the book's accuracy. It is based on specifications in the public domain and it is on its fourth edition, but obvious errors still remain.
For example, the exploded view diagram refers to components of the rear sight as being parts of the front sight! Also, the discussion of Figures 8, 9, and 10A (further into the book, the figures in Chapter 1 aren't even numbered) is terribly confusing until you realize that those three figures are misnumbered.
It is also poorly designed. Who would publish that type of book without an index?
But it seems to be the best single source of information that's available. All the below details on type and manufacturer come from that book. Their book contains an appendix based on data from a series of books by Scott Duff, and that was used for the date references.
Also see the spreadsheet a friend of mine constructed for recording and analyzing M1 Garand parts.
Receiver
Springfield Armory production, serial number 693,449, so it was manufactured during July 1942.
Look at the drawing number stamped into the right side of the receiver. Drawing number
28291-17
stamped on right front leg of receiver, correct for serial number range 490,001 - 1,500,000. This suggests (or at least it does not disprove) that this is an intact receiver and not one reassembled from 'de-milled' scraps.
Here is a view into the receiver.
The ring of bright metal is the rear of the barrel and its chamber, the barrel has already been threaded into the receiver.
Also see the finish reaming section for a discussion of the chamber and how it was reamed to its final dimensions after the barrel was threaded into the receiver.
There is a discussion of the steel used to make some of the M1 Garand receivers in Hatcher's Notebook, Julian S Hatcher, Major General, U.S. Army, retired, The Telegraph Press, 1947.
Receiver
Material: Early production: WD Steel No. 3115.
Carbon | 0.10% to 0.20% |
Manganese | 0.30% to 0.60% |
Nickel | 1.00% to 1.50% |
Chromium | 0.45% to 0.75% |
Sulphur | not over 0.05% |
Phophorus | not over 0.04% |
Material: Intermediate production: WD Steel No. 3120.
Carbon | 0.15% to 0.25% |
Manganese | 0.50% to 0.80% |
Nickel | 1.00% to 1.50% |
Chromium | 0.45% to 0.75% |
Sulphur | not over 0.05% |
Phophorus | not over 0.05% |
Material: After July, 1942, WD No. 8620 Modified, same as for the bolt.
Treatment: Carburize 0.012' to 0.018' at 1600° F.; oil quench temper 1 hour at 480°. Rockwell D 59 to D 67.
Bolt
Bolt body, stamped with drawing number:
D28287-18SA
A-4♦
Manufactured by Springfield Armory (SA).
Revision 18 means rifle serial number range 3,250,000 - 3,300,000, so it was manufactured during December 1944.
A-4♦
is the steel heat treatment lot number. That last character is a diamond, in case your browser can't handle Unicode. The indentation visible above the drawing number is a punch mark used to test the Rockwell Hardness during manufacturing quality control.
Remember that the punch mark just means that it has been tested. It does not indicate the result of that test! But I would expect failed bolts to have been destroyed, the steel thrown back into the smelter for the next go-around during December 1944. The war was moving toward a fairly obvious conclusion then, but quality steel was still a valuable resource. If nothing else, failed bolts would surely be obviously marked or better yet destroyed ('de-militarized', or 'de-milled') to prevent their accidental use.
There is a discussion of the steel used to make some of the M1 Garand bolts in Hatcher's Notebook, Julian S Hatcher, Major General, U.S. Army, retired, The Telegraph Press, 1947.
Bolt
Material: (Prior to March, 1942) — WD Steel No. 3312.
Manganese | 0.30% to 0.60% |
Nickel | 0.25% to 3.75% |
Chromium | 1.25% to 1.75% |
Carbon | Not over 0.17% |
Sulphur | not over 0.05% |
Phophorus | not over 0.04% |
Material Authorized July 5, 1942, WD Steel No. 8620. Modified with composition as given above under M1903 rifle.
Treatment: Normalize before machining. Carburize 0.015' to 0.020' at 1600° F.; oil quench. Temper 1 hour at 325°. Rockwell C 35 to C 59 on locking lugs and rear end of bolt.
That earlier steel composition table is:
Carbon | 0.18% to 0.25% | |
Manganese | 0.70% to 1.00% | |
Nickel | 0.20% to 0.40% | |
Chromium | 0.20% to 0.40% | |
Molybdenum | 0.15% to 0.25% | |
Sulphur, resulphurized | not over 0.07% | |
Phophorus | not over 0.04% | |
Grain size 5 to 8 ASTM | ||
Hardenability, Jominy C 20 Rockwell, minimum, at 3/8 inch from quenched end |
Rear Sight
Rear sight body.
Square cut behind hole for elevation / windage shaft, so it's Type 2.
Type 2 rear sight bodies were used from around serial number 25,000 through the end of production, so any time after December 1939.
Windage knob.
Manufactured by Springfield (closed arrowheads), Type 3 (captive flush nut, no spring).
That means after approximate serial number 4,200,000, so post World War II. The WWII-era windage knobs used a relatively poor design with a 'lock bar'.
Each click changes the windage by just less than one minute of arc, or 0.96 inch at 100 yards, or 2.67 cm at 100 meters.
Elevation knob and pinion.
Type 4 (elevation settings marked directly on knob, '2', '4', '6', '8', '10', and '12' indicating range in hundreds of yards.
Using standard M2 Ball .30-06 ammunition, therefore standardized powder charge and bullet weight and aerodynamics, each click changes the elevation by one minute of arc, or 0.96 inch at 100 yards, or 2.67 cm at 100 meters.
This specific design paired with the Springfield Type 3 windage knob is of post World War II manufacture.
Operating Rod
Operating rod handle.
The operating rod was of Types 6A through 11 based on the squared straight-sided hump seen here.
Stamped with drawing number:
D35382 9-SA
That plus the flat surface of the bolt lug housing seen above means it's Type 6A, so serial number range of approximately 3,450,001 - 3,850,000.
So, it was manufactured some time January through June, 1945.
The rounded notch labeled here would have been done during post-WWII modification. This change from what was a square corner reduced stress.
Follower Rod Assembly
Type 5, based on riveted assembly, depth of notch, and lack of grooves.
So it's one of these three:
- Springfield ~2,500,000 to end of production (post December 1943),
- Winchester ~2,500,000 to end of production (post June 1944),
- All IH and H&R and refurbishment (post-WWII).
Operating Rod Catch Assembly
Type 2, forks (pointing down in picture) of slightly different width: 0.07' and 0.10'.
Manufactured after the change from Type 1 in late 1940 to early 1941.
Follower Arm
Type 4 based on the shape of its head, at left in this picture.
Design used after approximate serial number 290,000, so manufactured after June 1941.
Follower Arm Pin
Type 2, narrower diameter at both ends of pin.
Design used by Springfield and Winchester during most of World War II.
Follower
Stamped on bottom:
12
Given that marking, Springfield type 2D
Approximate serial number range:
2,000,001 - 3,650,000.
Approximate serial number range:
2,000,001 - 3,650,000.
Manufacturing date range:
October 1943 through April 1945.
October 1943 through April 1945.
Bullet Guide
Stamped, no markings, wide slot, no notch on side.
I think this is a Springfield Type 3. That would imply:
Approximate serial number range:
1,400,000 - 2,850,000
Manufacturing date range:
March 1943 through May 1944
Approximate serial number range:
1,400,000 - 2,850,000
Manufacturing date range:
March 1943 through May 1944
Trigger Assembly
Trigger housing stamped with diagram number:
D28290-12-SA
Springfield Armory manufacture.
Approximate serial number range:
1,010,001 - 3,300,000
Manufacturing date range:
December 1942 through December 1944
Approximate serial number range:
1,010,001 - 3,300,000
Manufacturing date range:
December 1942 through December 1944
Trigger guard is Type 1 (milled). Specifically Type 1G — no diagram marking, but an inspector's initial stamp
R
. Manufactured by Springfield Armory. Approximate serial number range:
425,001 - 3,000,000
Manufacturing date range:
December 1941 through July 1944
425,001 - 3,000,000
Manufacturing date range:
December 1941 through July 1944
Trigger is Type 2 (no tooling hole). Manufactured by Springfield Armory. Serial numbers 80,000 to end of production, so any time after October 1940.
Hammer marked with drawing number:
C46008-7 SA
Manufactured by Springfield Armory.
Approximate serial number range:
3,100,000 - 3,400,000
Manufacturing date range:
August 1944 through January 1945
Approximate serial number range:
3,100,000 - 3,400,000
Manufacturing date range:
August 1944 through January 1945
Hammer spring plunger is Type 1, with protruding sides or guides.
Manufactured by Springfield throughout World War II.
Safety is marked
SA-11
, so it is Type 3C. Manufactured by Springfield Armory. Serial numbers 2,000,000 to end of production, so any time after September 1943. Gas Cylinder Assembly
The gas cylinder is Type 2C (front sight base is 0.840' long and 0.575' wide) manufactured by Springfield Armory (flat top on rear ring).
Serial numbers 1,600,000 through the end of production, so any time after April 1943.
You may have noticed that the other parts were all parkerized, with a light grey matte finish. The gas cylinder looks rather different, with a color closer to black and a rough surface, looking almost greasy in places.
The gas cylinder is made of stainless steel to withstand the high gas temperatures. This made for a fairly large and very reflective part near the muzzle.
Chemical blackening can be used to greatly reduce the reflections from this part. This isn't a colored coating, like paint, but it is a chemical reaction that darkens stainless steel. Think about that: it changes the color of otherwise stainless steel. So yes, it involves some rather caustic chemicals. We used Caswell's stainless steel blackener.
Back in the day, the men in the field re-blackened their gas cylinders from time to time using smoke from a campfire, a candle, or a trusty Zippo.
The gas cylinder lock is Type 3A (front face not chamfered, 0.220' hump, no markings).
Started at approximate serial number 4,200,000 through the end of production, so any time post-WWII.
Gas cylinder lock screw is Type 3. See marking
O
on its front face indicating manufacture by a subcontractor to Springfield Armory. Started at approximate serial number 2,500,000 through the end of production, so any time after December 1943.
Front Sight
Type 3A, probably post-WWII manufacture by Springfield as it measures 0.670' across tops of guard blades.
Stock Ferrule
Type 2, 3rd variation (note the relatively large hole).
Started at approximate serial number 510,000 through the end of production, so any time after February 1942.
Butt Plate Assembly
Type 2, with trap door.
Manufactured by Harrington and Richardson, as the diameter of the countersinks is 0.300'. So, post-WWII production.
Front Handguard Liner
Type 3 (two holes, square notch in one end), so after serial number 50,000 and therefore any time after June 1940.
Rear Handguard Band
Type 3, stamped sheet steel with no groove.
This design was used starting around serial number 790,000, so it would have been manufactured any time after July 1942.
Summary in one table
Part | Date |
Receiver | July 1942 |
Bolt | December 1944 |
Rear sight body | After December 1939 |
Rear sight knobs & pinion | After August 1945 |
Operating rod | January through June 1945 |
Follower rod assembly | After December 1943 |
Operating rod catch assembly | Late 1940 through early 1941 |
Follower arm | After June 1941 |
Follower arm pin | Some time during World War II |
Follower | October 1943 through April 1945 |
Bullet guide | March 1943 through May 1944 |
Trigger housing | December 1942 through December 1944 |
Trigger guard | December 1941 through July 1944 |
Trigger | After October 1940 |
Hammer | August 1944 through January 1945 |
Hammer spring plunger | Some time during World War II |
Safety | After September 1943 |
Gas cylinder | After April 1943 |
Gas cylinder lock | After August 1945 |
Gas cylinder lock screw | After December 1943 |
Front sight | After August 1945 |
Stock ferrule | After February 1942 |
Butt plate assembly | After August 1945 |
Front handguard liner | After June 1940 |
Rear handguard band | After July 1942 |
There is a discussion of the steel used to make some of the original M1 Garand barrels in Hatcher's Notebook, Julian S Hatcher, Major General, U.S. Army, retired, The Telegraph Press, 1947.
Barrel
Material: WD Steel No. 4150 Modified, with composition as given below:
Carbon | .45% to .50% |
Manganese | .60% to .90% |
Chromium | .80% to 1.10% |
Molybdenum | .15% to .25% |
Silicon | .15% to .35% |
Phophorus | not over .04% |
Resulphurize to | .04% to .09% |
Treatment: Before machining normalize if necessary. Oil quench from 1575° to 1676° F. Temper not less than 2 hours to meet physical properties as follows:
Tensile Strength: 130,000 lbs.
Yield Strength, 110,000 lbs. per sq. in.
Elongation in 2 inches, 16% minimum.
Reduction of area, 50% minimum.
Brinell hardness, 269-311 (Equivalent to Rockwell C-28 to C-34).
Process stress relief if required not less than 1 hour at 1000° F.
Yield Strength, 110,000 lbs. per sq. in.
Elongation in 2 inches, 16% minimum.
Reduction of area, 50% minimum.
Brinell hardness, 269-311 (Equivalent to Rockwell C-28 to C-34).
Process stress relief if required not less than 1 hour at 1000° F.
WARNING: All content on this web site, including technical data, information, and reports of any activities, do not detail the comprehensive training, procedures, techniques, and safety precautions which are absolutely necessary to properly carry out similar activity. The reader MUST NOT attempt any reported activity, technique, or use of equipment based on reports on this web site. Always consult comprehensive reference manuals for details of proper training requirements, procedures, techniques and safety equipment and precautions before attempting any similar behavior.
PRIVACY POLICY: This site has no forms where you could enter your name. This server does not set cookies. This site does include ads from Google Adsense and Amazon, and they set and use cookies. Ads appearing here may reflect your recent Amazon browsing and Google searches.
PRIVACY POLICY: This site has no forms where you could enter your name. This server does not set cookies. This site does include ads from Google Adsense and Amazon, and they set and use cookies. Ads appearing here may reflect your recent Amazon browsing and Google searches.